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Masaki Kobayashi

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Masaki Kobayashi
小林 正樹
Kobayashi on Geijutsu Shincho (September 1953)
Born(1916-02-14)February 14, 1916
Otaru, Empire of Japan
DiedOctober 4, 1996(1996-10-04) (aged 80)
Tokyo, Japan
EducationWaseda University
Occupation(s)Film director, screenwriter
Years active1941, 1946–1985
Notable work
Spouse
Chiyoko Fumiya
​
(m. 1952)​
RelativesKinuyo Tanaka (second cousin)
Military career
AllegianceEmpire of Japan
BranchImperial Japanese Army
Years of service1942–1945
RankPrivate
UnitAzabu Third Regiment

Masaki Kobayashi (小林 正樹, Kobayashi Masaki, February 14, 1916 – October 4, 1996) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter, best known for the epic trilogy The Human Condition (1959–1961), the samurai films Harakiri (1962) and Samurai Rebellion (1967), and the horror anthology Kwaidan (1964).[1] Senses of Cinema described him as "one of the finest depicters of Japanese society in the 1950s and 1960s."[2]

Biography

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Early life (1916–1946)

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Childhood and schooling (1916–1942)

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Kobayashi was born on February 14, 1916, in Otaru, a port city on the island of Hokkaido.[1][3] Kobayashi's family was a part of the upper-middle class, as his father, Yuichi, worked for Mitsui & Co., and his mother, Hisako, was part of a merchant family.[4][5] He had two older brothers and a younger sister.[5] He was also a second cousin of the actress and director Kinuyo Tanaka.[6] The Kobayashi family descends from a samurai from Shimonoseki.[5] Kobayashi lived in Tokyo while in elementary school, but otherwise lived in Otaru until he was 17 years-old.[5] Kobayashi's household was warm and tolerant, and his parents encouraged the exploration of the arts.[5] He saw a movie for the first time when he was 7 years-old, and he frequently watched movies and visited art exhibitions, concerts, and theatre performances with his mother.[5] Kobayashi's older brother, Yasuhiko, who attended film study groups while in university, also helped further Kobayashi's understanding of film.[5]

In 1938, Kobayashi enrolled in Waseda University in Tokyo.[3][7] At the university, Kobayashi was taught by Aizu Yaichi, a poet and historian who became a mentor of Kobayashi and influenced Kobayashi's perspectives on life and art.[7] Aizu specialized in Buddhist art, particularly that of the Nara period, and frequently brought his class to Buddhist temples.[7] Outside of class, Kobayashi accompanied Aizu on trips to Nara and often visited Aizu's house.[7] Due in part to Aizu's influence, Kobayashi decided to study East Asian art and philosophy.[3][7] Kobayashi wrote his thesis on Murō-ji, a Buddhist temple located in Nara.[7] He spent a month living at Murō-ji while researching its history for his thesis.[7] Kobayashi would later work on a documentary about Aizu released in 1996.[7]

While attending Waseda University, Kobayashi would visit Shochiku Studio to watch Kinuyo Tanaka, his second cousin, while she worked.[5] It was during his time at Waseda University that Kobayashi began to want to become a film director.[5]

After graduating from Waseda University in 1941, Kobayashi worked at Shochiku as a director in training for eight months.[1][7] While at Shochiku, Kobayashi assisted Hiroshi Shimizu on Dawn Chorus and Hideo Ōba on Kaze kaoru niwa.[7] During this time, Kobayashi began writing a book set in Nara, about an Oriental art scholar who enlisted in the army.[7]

Wartime (1942-1946)

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In January 1942, Kobayashi was drafted into the Azabu Third Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army.[1][7] After three months of training as a heavy machine gunner, Kobayashi was sent near Harbin in Manchuria.[1][7] In September 1943, Kobayashi's squad was sent to patrol along the Ussuri river.[7] In June 1944, his regiment returned to Japan, from which they were to be transferred to the Philippines.[7] However, Allied submarines prevented the Azabu Third Regiment from reaching the Philippines, so they headed for Okinawa Island instead.[7] While traveling to Okinawa, Kobayashi's group diverted to Miyako-jima in the Ryukyu Islands, where they remained until the end of the war.[7] During that time, his group worked towards building an airfield.[7] Kobayashi's time on the island was difficult, with his group frequently resorting to eating grasshoppers and dogs to survive.[7] He kept a diary during his time on Miyako-jima, which documented his experience in the war and included an I-novel about the loss of his youth.[7] In his diary, Kobayashi shows support for the Japanese war effort, but laments the death and destruction that the war caused.[7] Kobayashi never participated in frontline fighting during his time in the army.[7] Kobayashi regarded himself as a pacifist and a socialist, and resisted by refusing promotion to a rank higher than private.[8]

After the war ended, Kobayashi spent nearly a year in a prisoner of war labor camp in Kadena, Okinawa.[7][9] At the camp, Kobayashi ran a theater company with other inmates, and produced several shows.[7] Kobayashi was released from the labor camp in November 1946.[1][10] Upon returning home, he learned that his father had died in 1945 and that his older brother, Yasuhiko, died in battle in China in 1944.[10]

Film career (1946–1996)

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Assisting Kinoshita (1946–1953)

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After returning to Japan in 1946, Kobayashi rejoined Shochiku as assistant.[1] He was initially assigned to assist Keisuke Sasaki, but then was assigned to Keisuke Kinoshita.[1][10] During his time helping Kinoshita, Kobayashi grew to admire the compassion, intelligence and skill in directing of Kinoshita.[10] The two bonded over shared experiences in the war and in the deaths of their mothers.[10] Kobayashi's first job under Kinoshita was as a second assistant director on Phoenix in 1947.[10] In 1948, Kobayashi was promoted to the position of chief assistant director on Apostasy.[10] He remained as a chief assistant director for the rest of his time spent as an assistant to Kinoshita.[10] In 1949, Kobayashi co-scripted Broken Drum with Kinoshita.[10] The final Kinoshita film that Kobayashi assisted with was A Japanese Tragedy, released in 1953.[10] In 1953, Kinoshita began looking for material that could be adapted for Kobayashi's debut film.[10] Kinoshita had Shochiku purchase the rights to the Jinkō Teien novel, with the intent of the novel being used for Kobayashi's debut film.[10] Kinoshita would end up adapting the novel himself in the 1954 film The Garden of Women.[10]

Early films (1953-1959)

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Kobayashi's directorial debut was in 1952 with My Son's Youth.[11] This film was part of an initative by Shochiku to release short films, called "sister films", that were intended as introductions to new directors.[11] On April 1, 1952, Kobayashi married Chiyoko Fumiya, an actress at Shochiku.[11] In 1953, Sincerity was released, which was Kobayashi's first feature length film.[11] The film was written by Kobayashi's mentor, Keisuke Kinoshita.[11] Both My Son's Youth and Sincerity drew inspiration from Kobayashi's family and childhood, with some of the characters being modeled after members of his family.[11]

In 1953, Kobayashi finished filming The Thick-Walled Room, about Class B and Class C war criminals being held in Sugamo Prison.[11] The film was based on the diaries of real war criminals and was a substantial departure from the type of films Shochiku typically at that time.[11] Shochiku initially refused to release The Thick-Walled Room without alteration, due to the Japan government's fear that the film's criticism of the Allied occupation of Japan would upset the United States.[11][12] Kobayashi refused to cut any content, so the film was not released until 1956.[12] The Thick-Walled Room hurt Kobayashi's reputation within Shochiku, so he attempted to reestablish himself by making his next four films more similar to the typical style of Shochiku.[11]

In 1954, Three Loves was released.[11] This film features scenes shot inside the same church that Kobayashi and Chiyoko Fumiya were married in.[11] Later in 1954, Somewhere Under the Broad Sky was released.[11] This film included the first appearance of Keiji Sada in a Kobayashi-directed film, who was close friends with Kobayashi and would go on to appear in 6 of Kobayashi's films.[11] In 1956, Fountainhead was released, which was the last of Kobayashi's films that strongly resembled the typical Shochiku style.[11]

In 1956, The Thick-Walled Room was released to the public.[12] Later that year, I Will Buy You was released, about corruption in baseball scouting.[13]

Peak of recognition (1959-1967)

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From 1959 to 1961, Kobayashi directed The Human Condition (1959–1961), a trilogy on the effects of World War II on a Japanese pacifist and socialist. The total length of the films is almost ten hours, which makes it one of the longest fiction films ever made for theatrical release.[1]

In 1962 he directed Harakiri, which won the Jury Prize at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.[14]

In 1964, Kobayashi made Kwaidan (1964), his first color film, a collection of four ghost stories drawn from books by Lafcadio Hearn. Kwaidan won the Special Jury Prize at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival,[15] and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film.[16]

Later films (1967-1996)

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In 1968, Akira Kurosawa, Keisuke Kinoshita, Kon Ichikawa and Kobayashi founded the directors group, Shiki no kai-The Four Horsemen Club, in an attempt to create movies for younger generations.[1][17]

In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 19th Berlin International Film Festival.[18]

He was also a candidate for directing the Japanese sequences for Tora! Tora! Tora! after Akira Kurosawa left the film. But instead Kinji Fukasaku and Toshio Masuda were chosen.

In 1990, Kobayashi was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government and the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government.[19]

One of his grand projects was a film on Yasushi Inoue's novel about Buddhist China, Tun Huang, which never came to fruition.[1]

Filmography

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Main article: Masaki Kobayashi filmography

Awards and honors

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Year of Award or Honor Name of Award or Honor Awarding Organization Country of
Origin		 Film Title
(if applicable)
1960 San Giorgio Prize[20] Venice Film Festival Italy The Human Condition
Pasinetti Award[20]
1961 Best Film[21] Mainichi Film Awards Japan A Soldier's Prayer
Best Director[22]
1962 Best Film[23] Harakiri
1963 Special Jury Prize Cannes Film Festival France
1965 Kwaidan
1967 Best Film of the Year[24] Kinema Junpo Japan Samurai Rebellion
Best Director[25]
FIPRESCI Prize[25] International Federation of Film Critics
Best Film[25] Mainichi Film Awards Japan
1975 Best Film[26] The Fossil
1983 Best Film[27] Blue Ribbon Awards Tokyo Trials
1990 Order of Arts and Letters French government France
Order of the Rising Sun Japanese government Japan
1996 Special Award[28] Mainichi Film Awards

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kirkup, James (October 15, 1996). "Masaki Kobayashi: Obituary". The Independent. London.
  2. ^ Andrea Grunert (August 27, 2007). "Kobayashi, Masaki – Senses of Cinema". Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Wakeman, John, ed. (1988). World film directors. New York: H.W. Wilson. p. 527. ISBN 0-8242-0763-7. OCLC 778946190.
  4. ^ Kuramoto, Sō; 倉本聰 (2002). Gusha no tabi (Shohan ed.). Rironsha. p. 137. ISBN 4-652-07709-2. OCLC 51299958.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "Conjoining Spirit and World". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 13–19. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  6. ^ Sharpe, Jasper (2011). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema. Scarecrow Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 978-0-8108-7541-8.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "Conjoining Spirit and World". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 19–30. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  8. ^ "Harakiri: Kobayashi and History – From the Current – The Criterion Collection". Criterion.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  9. ^ Bock, Audie (1985). Japanese film directors. Kodansha International. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-87011-714-5. OCLC 1015968920.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "Conjoining Spirit and World". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 30–38. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "Conjoining Spirit and World". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 38–69. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  12. ^ a b c Koresky, Michael (April 17, 2013). "Eclipse Series 38: Kobayashi Against the System". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024. Retrieved December 26, 2024.
  13. ^ Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "A Sharp and Piercing Thorn". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 70–122. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  14. ^ "Awards 1963: All Awards". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013.
  15. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Kwaidan". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  16. ^ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  17. ^ Hashimoto, Shinobu (2015). Compound Cinematics: Akira Kurosawa and I. Vertical, Inc. ISBN 9781939130587.
  18. ^ "Berlinale 1969: Juries". berlinale.de. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  19. ^ Prince, Stephen (November 16, 2017). "Introduction". A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki. Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-0-8135-9235-0.
  20. ^ a b "Internationally". Shochiku. Archived from the original on December 23, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  21. ^ 16 1961年 (in Japanese). japan-movie.net. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  22. ^ 毎日映画コンクール 第16回（1961年） [16th Mainichi Film Awards (1961)]. Mainichi Film Awards (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 26, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  23. ^ 毎日映画コンクール 第17回（1962年） [17th Mainichi Film Awards (1962)]. Mainichi Film Awards (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 26, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  24. ^ "デジタル大辞泉プラス「上意討ち 拝領妻始末」の解説". KOTOBANK. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461673743. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  26. ^ 毎日映画コンクール 第30回（1975年） [30th Mainichi Film Awards (1975)]. Mainichi Film Awards (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  27. ^ ブルーリボン賞ヒストリー (in Japanese). Cinema Hochi. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  28. ^ 毎日映画コンクール 第51回（1996年） [51st Mainichi Film Awards (1996)]. Mainichi Film Awards (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
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